In 2021, psychologist and author Kathryn Paige Harden collaborated on a research paper examining the genetic factors associated with an increased likelihood of substance abuse and risky behaviors, including unprotected sexual activity and criminal acts. While the paper focused on the genetics behind self-regulation and addiction, Harden approached the subject from a unique angle, viewing it through the lens of what she terms the “genetics of sin.”
As a professor at the University of Texas and the author of a previous title, “The Genetic Lottery,” which discusses how genetics should inform our understanding of meritocracy, Harden has engaged with profound moral questions. She recalls receiving a letter from a man imprisoned since age 16 for kidnapping and sexual assault, who pondered the motivations behind such actions. Her latest book serves as a thoughtful response to this inquiry, aiming to highlight how our growing understanding of human behavior—shaped by genetics and life experiences—should influence our perceptions of moral responsibility and culpability.
Harden’s upbringing in a southern evangelical church has left a lasting impact on her worldview. Though she has distanced herself from that environment, she describes the lingering effects of her religious background as akin to a childhood illness: “You might recover but are never free.” Her enduring interest in theological concepts leads her to explore how traditional ideas of sin and forgiveness continue to inform contemporary moral dialogues and the U.S. criminal justice system, which is notably punitive. The harsh reality is that in the United States, juvenile offenders can face life sentences without the possibility of parole, reflecting a belief in original sin and the notion that some individuals are inherently predisposed to wrongdoing.
While it is common for popular science authors to incorporate personal narratives into their work, Harden excels at blending her own life experiences—such as her departure from the church, familial estrangement, and the trials of early motherhood—with scientific insights. She candidly addresses the complexities of connecting scientific theories, such as the insights gained from studies on identical twins regarding moral behavior, with our personal experiences as moral agents.
The book is rich with intriguing scientific revelations, including the finding that religiosity is largely influenced by genetics, leading to the conclusion that step-siblings and adopted siblings raised together often have religious beliefs as varied as those of unrelated individuals. Additionally, certain physical traits, like low-set ears or webbed toes, have been linked to higher aggression levels, and fascinating behaviors in paper wasps illustrate that moral sentiments, such as resentment and gratitude, are biologically inherent and facilitate social cooperation.
One example of this is the ancient impulse for retribution, which is evident even in young children who take pleasure in witnessing punishment of the “bad” individual. However, if scientific findings reveal the limited extent of personal choice in human behavior, does that undermine the foundation of moral outrage? Some philosophers argue for a reevaluation of moral accountability in light of this understanding. Harden, however, presents a more nuanced perspective. She contends that recognizing personal moral responsibility affirms our shared humanity, while also advocating for a deeper awareness of the genetic and social factors that contribute to wrongdoing, which should inform our approach to justice and punishment. Rather than degrading individuals, the justice system should aim to foster humility in wrongdoers, a stark contrast to the often harsh treatment seen in the American prison system. She references the tragic case of Marcia Powell, who died from heat exposure in an outdoor cage at an Arizona prison after being arrested for soliciting a police officer. Harden expresses hope that her insights will resonate with policymakers, although the U.S. correctional system has historically been unresponsive to appeals for compassion and rationality.
Harden also raises a challenging question: as we deepen our understanding of the genetics of sin, should we consider selecting embryos for enhanced self-control? She argues against this notion, suggesting that societal progress is often driven by moral diversity and that rule breakers can contribute positively when they possess the right social supports. Moreover, the idea that “bad” biology could be identified and eliminated is a misguided eugenic fantasy, as human behavior is far more complex than a simple categorization of good and evil. In her thought-provoking book, Harden delves into the narratives of some of society’s most notorious figures—murderers on death row, child killers, and terrorists—inviting readers to confront an uncomfortable reality: these individuals share more similarities with the average person than one might expect. This raises an essential question about how a just society should respond to them.
“Original Sin: The Genetics of Wrongdoing, the Problem of Blame and the Future of Forgiveness” by Kathryn Paige Harden is available from W&N (£22). To support the Guardian, you can purchase a copy at guardianbookshop.com, keeping in mind that delivery fees may apply.
